The immune system, your body’s defence mechanism, works diligently to protect you from harmful bacteria and viruses, ensuring your well-being. However, there are instances when this system misidentifies healthy cells and tissues as hostile invaders and launches an attack against them. This immune system malfunction is what leads to autoimmune diseases.

These conditions can affect various parts of the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms. Early detection and diagnosis are crucial for effectively managing autoimmune diseases and preventing long-term complications.

What are Autoimmune diseases?

To comprehend the symptoms of autoimmune diseases, it is essential first to understand how these conditions develop. The immune system is designed to protect the body from harmful invaders, such as bacteria and viruses, by producing antibodies that attack and neutralise these threats. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system loses its ability to distinguish between foreign substances and the body’s own tissues, leading to an immune response against healthy cells.

Various types of autoimmune diseases affect different organs and systems within the body. Some common examples include Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis, Type-1 Diabetes, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Each of these conditions presents with distinct symptoms and requires specific management approaches.

Here are some of the most common autoimmune diseases and their symptoms:

  1. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system attacks joints, causing pain, inflammation, and stiffness. The common symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis include swollen and tender joints, particularly in the hands and feet. Morning stiffness lasting more than an hour and fatigue are also common features of RA. This condition more commonly affects people as they get older; it can also start in the 30s. A similar but rare condition called juvenile idiopathic arthritis can occur in childhood. 

  1. Type-1 Diabetes

In Type-1 diabetes, the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Insulin is the hormone that controls blood sugar levels. Without insulin, blood sugar levels in the body remain high, causing symptoms like:

  • Excessive thirst 
  • Frequent urination
  • Fatigue
  • Numbness or tingling in the feet
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Blurry vision
  • Slow wound healing
  • Constant hunger

This condition requires lifelong insulin therapy to manage blood sugar levels effectively. Unlike Type-2 diabetes, the condition cannot be managed by making lifestyle and dietary changes. 

For more information check out- Diabetes: A Comprehensive Guide to Managing the Condition

  1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, commonly known as Lupus, is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs, including the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and heart. Common symptoms of this autoimmune disease include joint pain, skin rashes, fatigue, hair loss, and fever. Lupus is more prevalent in women, especially those of childbearing age, and can lead to severe complications if left untreated.

  1. Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder that accelerates the skin’s natural cell turnover process, leading to the rapid buildup of skin cells. This causes red, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin’s surface. Psoriasis can affect any part of the body, but it commonly appears on the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back. The common symptoms of psoriasis include red, itchy patches on the skin of arms, legs, trunk, elbows, knees, scalp, and genitals.

  1. Vitiligo

Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin condition that causes the loss of skin pigment, resulting in depigmented, white patches on the skin. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin. Common symptoms of this autoimmune disease include white patches of skin on the face, arms, hands, and feet, white or grey hair on the scalp, and discolouration on the inside of the mouth and nose. 

  1. Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. The immune system attacks the protective myelin sheath that covers nerve fibres, leading to disruptions in nerve signals. This can cause a wide range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, numbness, coordination difficulties, fatigue, and vision problems.

  1. Scleroderma

Scleroderma, or systemic sclerosis, is a rare autoimmune disease affecting the skin and connective tissues. It causes the skin to become thick, tight and hardened due to an overproduction of collagen. This can lead to restricted movement and joint pain. In some cases, internal organs such as the lungs, heart, and digestive system may also be affected. Symptoms of scleroderma include calcium deposits in the connective tissues, thickening of the skin in the fingers and toes, and red spots on the face.

  1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease

An inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The two main types of IBD are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. In both conditions, the immune system triggers inflammation in the digestive tract, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fatigue, mouth ulcers, weight loss, rectal bleeding, and painful bowel movements. 

  1. Celiac Disease

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. When individuals with celiac disease ingest gluten, the immune system attacks the small intestine lining, leading to inflammation and damage. This can result in digestive symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhoea, and weight loss. The condition is primarily genetic, and individuals with a family history of celiac disease have a higher risk of developing it.

  1. Hemolytic Anaemia

Hemolytic anaemia is a condition where the immune system attacks and destroys red blood cells prematurely. This leads to a shortage of red blood cells, causing symptoms such as fatigue, headache, dizziness, paleness, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), an increased heart rate, and other cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure. When the immune system attacks platelets, the condition is called thrombocytopenia. When white blood cells are affected, it can lead to lymphopenia, leukopenia, and neutropenia.

General Symptoms of Autoimmune Diseases

While symptoms are specific to certain autoimmune diseases, some general symptoms may occur across various conditions:

  • Fatigue and Malaise

Chronic fatigue and a general feeling of unwellness are common complaints among individuals with autoimmune diseases. Fatigue can be debilitating and often persists even with sufficient rest. Managing energy levels through proper rest and stress reduction techniques is essential for those with autoimmune conditions.

  • Joint and Muscle Pain

Joint pain and muscle aches are prevalent in many autoimmune diseases. These symptoms can be mistaken for other conditions like arthritis, making accurate diagnosis crucial for appropriate treatment. Physical therapy, pain-relief medications, and lifestyle modifications can help manage joint and muscle discomfort.

  • Skin Issues

Skin problems are common manifestations of various autoimmune diseases, including rashes, redness, and skin inflammation. In conditions like Psoriasis and Dermatomyositis, distinct skin lesions are prevalent. Proper skincare and topical treatments may alleviate these symptoms to some extent.

  • Digestive Problems

Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhoea, can occur in autoimmune diseases affecting the digestive tract. Identifying and managing these symptoms is vital for maintaining gut health and overall well-being.

What Triggers Autoimmune Diseases?

The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is unknown, but they are believed to result from a combination of immune system dysregulation, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors. Here are some common factors that can trigger autoimmune disease.

  • Genetic factors: Family history plays a significant role in the risk of developing autoimmune diseases. Specific genes are associated with an increased susceptibility to these conditions. If you have a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, with an autoimmune disease, you may have a higher risk of developing one yourself.
  • Environmental Triggers: Environmental factors can trigger autoimmune diseases in individuals with a genetic predisposition. These triggers may include infections from viruses or bacteria, exposure to certain toxins, and even dietary factors. 
  • Hormonal Influences: Hormonal changes may also contribute to the onset or worsening of autoimmune diseases. Many autoimmune conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are more common in females, suggesting a link with hormonal fluctuations.
  • Chronic Stress: Prolonged exposure to stress can affect the immune system and may lead to an increased risk of autoimmune diseases or exacerbation of existing conditions. Stress management techniques like mindfulness, meditation, and relaxation exercises may help mitigate these effects.
  • Microbiome Imbalance: The gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms in the digestive tract. They play a crucial role in immune system regulation. An imbalance in the gut microbiome, often caused by factors such as antibiotic use or a poor diet, may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases.
  • Epigenetic Changes: Epigenetic modifications refer to changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence itself. Environmental factors can influence these changes and may play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases.
  • Inflammation and Tissue Damage: Infections, injuries, or chronic inflammation can cause tissue damage, leading to the exposure of normally hidden cellular components. The immune system may recognise these components as foreign, triggering an autoimmune response.

When to See a Doctor

Recognising the symptoms of autoimmune diseases early is essential for timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. If you experience persistent or worsening symptoms, especially those affecting multiple organ systems, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional. Early intervention can help prevent complications and improve long-term outcomes.

If you suspect that you or a loved one might be experiencing symptoms of an autoimmune disease, don’t wait to get the necessary medical attention.

With Zarcare’s online doctor consultation, you can seek expert advice and guidance from qualified healthcare professionals from the comfort of your home. 

Getting Diagnosed and Treatment Options

Diagnosing autoimmune diseases often involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and specific laboratory tests to detect autoimmune antibodies or inflammation markers. Consulting with specialists is essential for accurate diagnosis and personalised treatment plans.

Treatment approaches for autoimmune diseases depend on the specific condition and its severity. Medications aimed at suppressing the immune response, such as corticosteroids and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), are commonly used. Lifestyle changes, including a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and sufficient sleep, can also be crucial in managing autoimmune diseases. In some cases, complementary and alternative therapies, such as acupuncture or yoga, may be beneficial.

Living with an Autoimmune Disease

Being diagnosed with an autoimmune disease can be overwhelming emotionally and physically. Coping with chronic symptoms, managing medications, and dealing with potential limitations can take a toll on one’s mental health. Building a support network of family, friends, and support groups can provide valuable emotional assistance. Engaging in self-care practices and stress management techniques, such as meditation or hobbies, can help individuals better navigate the challenges of living with an autoimmune disease.

Autoimmune diseases are complex conditions that can affect various organs and systems in the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms. Recognising and understanding these symptoms is crucial for early detection, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate management. If you or a loved one experiences concerning symptoms, seek medical attention promptly. 

Stay Ahead of Autoimmune Diseases: Schedule Your Online Doctor Consultation

Schedule your online doctor consultation with Zarcare now and prioritise your health and well-being. Don’t wait – early detection can make all the difference in managing autoimmune diseases effectively.

Frequently Asked Questions

How common are autoimmune diseases?

Autoimmune diseases are relatively common and collectively affect millions of people worldwide. More than 80 different autoimmune diseases have been identified, with varying degrees of prevalence. Some autoimmune diseases, such as Type-1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, are more well-known, while others may be rare and less frequently diagnosed.

Are autoimmune diseases hereditary?

While genetics play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases, they are not entirely hereditary. Having a family member with an autoimmune disease may increase the risk, but it does not guarantee that an individual will develop the same condition. Environmental factors, such as infections, diet, and exposure to certain toxins, can also significantly trigger autoimmune responses.

Can children develop autoimmune diseases?

Yes, children can develop autoimmune diseases. Some autoimmune conditions, such as Type-1 diabetes and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, are more commonly diagnosed in childhood. It is essential for parents and caregivers to be aware of any persistent symptoms in children and seek medical attention if necessary.

Note: This article is not intended as a substitute for official healthcare. Suppose you suspect that you or someone you know suffers from what is mentioned in this article. In that case, the Zarcare Team recommends contacting a qualified healthcare practitioner immediately for a proper diagnosis and treatment.

References: 

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/list-of-autoimmune-diseases
https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2022/06/understanding-autoimmune-diseases
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/what-are-common-symptoms-of-autoimmune-disease
https://www.healthline.com/health/autoimmune-disorders#common-autoimmune-diseases
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21624-autoimmune-diseases